Gardens for Science

The kids and I have had fun learning about plants, watching our vegetables grow. They grew faster than we thought. They are ready for planting, but we have no garden box outside, and we’ve had snow recently. So what do you suggest we do? When in Minnesota can I begin planting outside what I’ve already grown?
We have: Roma Tomatoes, Beans, Snap Peas, Basil and Parsley so far
Want to grow: cantaloupe, zucchini, strawberries, carrots, cucumbers, green peppers and lots of perennial flowers
My husband has been contemplating the whole idea of adding a garden, because while I want to do this with the kids – we end up doing most of the work ourselves, and is it worth it vs. buying it as we need it! Oh, and there are a lot of deer and squirrels around here.
What are your thoughts? Do I plant or toss?